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November 17, 2022
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Testing a Patent: Opposition and Revocation in India

It is sometimes presumed that the patent application process concludes with the grant of a patent, after it has been successfully prosecuted. Although prosecution examines an application for patentability, its true test arguably comes during the opposition process. ......
September 29, 2022
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Getting to Grant: Patent Prosecution in India

Patent prosecution is the centerpiece of the process of obtaining a patent. The proceedings during prosecution serve as important legal guidance on the patentability of the invention, and successful prosecution is key to ensuring that patent rights are protected. ......
August 10, 2022
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Extraordinary exceptions to deadlines at the Indian Pat...

When hardcoded statutory deadlines are violated, can delays be condoned? This was the central question answered by the Delhi High Court in The European Union Represented by the European Commission vs. Union of India. The court allowed for an extension of a non-extendable statutory deadline in a patent matter because of the exceptional circumstances of the case. ......
August 2, 2022
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Do scientific publications exempt patent applications f...

One of the three universal requirements for the grant of a patent is that the patent must be for a new invention. The Indian Patents Act, 1970 (the Act) defines a ‘new invention’ in Section 2(l) as ‘any invention or technology which has not been anticipated by publication in any document or used in the country or elsewhere in the world before the date of filing of patent application with complete specification. ......
June 30, 2022
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Sequence Listing in Indian Patent Applications

If a patent application discloses any nucleotide or amino acid sequences, the description of the invention must contain a ‘sequence listing’. A sequence listing is a list of biological sequences using defined terms for certain features. This includes descriptive information about each sequence, which is known as annotations. ......
May 26, 2022
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Timelines in prosecuting an Indian patent

The timelines for completing various tasks or submitting various documents in the patent prosecution process differ depending on which stage a patent application is at. The various timelines involved in the grant of an Indian patent. ......
April 6, 2022
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Under the skin: Patentability of cosmetic compositions ...

Cosmetic compositions and methods, like any other inventions, are expected to meet the three step requirement of patentability in India before being granted protection under law, i.e., the invention must meet the criteria of “Novelty”, “Inventive step” and “Industrial Application”. ......
February 7, 2022
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Patent Claim Drafting: Two-Part Claims and Claim Charac...

At the heart of a patent application lies its claims. A claim is a signifier of the scope of protection that is sought under the patent. Claims are the first and most important aspect to be examined during prosecution, infringement, and litigation. Every patent application must be accompanied by at least one claim, and usually, an application contains several more. ......
January 11, 2022
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Greater than the Sum of its Parts: Synergism and the Pa...

This is the second part of a discussion on synergism and the patentability of compositions in India, which details the manner in which patent applications for compositions have been prosecuted by the Indian Patent Office (“IPO”) over the years. The first part describing the ways in which synergistic effect may be demonstrated can be. ......

Data Clean Rooms: The Future of Privacy-Compliant Data Collaboration

As organisations grapple with increasingly stringent privacy and data protection laws, the concept of the Data Clean Room (“DCR“) has emerged as a transformative solution that enables collaboration without compromising compliance.

The power of transition phrases in Indian patent drafting: the ‘Frimline’ Ruli...

Transition phrases are crucial in patent drafting for they define the scope of a claim. Choosing the correct phrase can impact what rights an applicant can enforce, as determined by the Delhi High Court recently, in Frimline v. K-Smatco

Representations, Warranties and Covenants: What are the consequences of breach?

Representations, Warranties and Covenants clauses are included in all commercial contracts. Traditionally, the nomenclature has not been clearly delineated, and representation and warranties are grouped together in a manner that often led them to be viewed as synonymous terms.

Pharmacyclics Continues the Divisional Applications Debate in India

In 2024, the Indian Patent Office (“IPO”) issued the Patents (Amendment) Rules, 2024 (“Rules”), which, among other things, amended the rules relating to filing of divisional applications.

An Analysis of the Reserve Bank of India’s Master Direction on Regulation of Payment...

On September 15, 2025, the Reserve Bank of India ("RBI") issued the Master Direction on Regulation of Payment Aggregators, 2025 ("Master Direction"), a framework governing both bank and non-bank entities engaged in the business of payment aggregation ("Payment Aggregators" or "PA").

Removal of fetters on the Arbitration process: Arbitration is not foreclosed due to pendin...

The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 was enacted to facilitate expeditious and affordable resolution of disputes pertaining to in-personam rights arising out of contractual disputes between private parties.

Timing it Right: Delhi High Court on Pre-Grant Oppositions in India

What happens when a pre-grant opposition is filed after the Controller signs a patent application to grant? This knotty question was answered by the Delhi High Court in a recent case.

Navigating Share Transfer Restrictions in Shareholders’ Agreements Part 2

In our previous Article, we explored the foundational aspects of share transfer restrictions in shareholder agreements ("SHAs"), with a focus on concepts such as tag-along rights, drag-along rights, permitted and automatic transfers, amongst others and the interplay with the Companies Act, 2013 (the "Act").

Collection of Children’s Data under the Digital Personal Data Protection Act: Not Ch...

The protection of children's personal data has and continues to present regulatory and practical challenges for lawmakers, businesses, organisations, institutions and establishments that deal with personal data ("Data Fiduciary").

When “Ok” Becomes “Not Ok”: A cautionary tale of miscommunication from the Indian Patent O...

An important step during patent prosecution in India is the hearing. As the Indian Patent Office (IPO) tends to issue only a single examination report, hearings before the Controller are common.